| Aluminium By Sam Davyson | ||
| Home | . | |
| Abundance | . | |
| Uses | . | |
| History | . | |
| Weaknesses | . | |
| Structure | . | |
| Extraction | . | |
| Alloys | . | |
| Conductivity | . | |
| Corrosion | ||
| Properties | . | |
| Questions | . | |
| Bibliography | . | |
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In this bibliography the sources used are grouped in two ways, firstly an indepth list is supplied of the resources used to make a particular page, and then the sources used for figures and statistics quoted on a page are detailed. It is hoped that this will provide easy access to any of the resources used in any specific section. The list below can be used to jump to the sources used for the pages of the site.
If you find this site useful in your own research or the making of your own project remember to include me in your own bibliography. This is Sam Davyson's Aluminium Information Site. It is online at http://sam.davyson.com/aluminium
Jump to: Home, Abundance, Uses, History, Weaknesses, Structure, Extraction, Alloys, Conductivity, Corrosion, Properties, Questions
- Home
General Resources- Aluminium - Periodic Table of Elements
- A fact file style page providing statistics and precise data about abundances of Aluminium in the crust, air and oceans.
- Periodic Table - Aluminium
- Various descriptions of Aluminium.
- Nuffield Advanced Science - Book of Data
- Tables of information on elements
- World-Aluminium Organisation
- A website dedicated to general information on aluminium
Sources of Facts
- Aluminium is the third most common element in the Earth's crust
- Sources: Wikipedia, Web Elements, Nuffield Advanced Science - Book of Data, Nuffield Advanced Chemistry - Students Book & Periodic Table of Data.
- Aluminium accounts for 7.3 % of the Earth's mass
- Source: World-Aluminium Organisation.
- Aluminium was discovered in 1808
- Source: World-Aluminium Organisation, details of this particular statistic are shown in the notes section of the homepage.
- The Hall-Herout Process was developed in 1886
- Sources: Tomago Aluminium Australia, Virtual Chembook.
- Aluminium is three times lighter than Steel
- Sources: MSN Encarta, and Wikipedia.
- Second most malleable metal
- Source: Mineral Galleries.
- Aluminium has 63% of the electrical conductance of Copper, but less than half the weight
- Sources: MSN Encarta, Visual Elements and Wikipedia.
- Aluminium is the 6th most ductile metal
- Source: Visual Elements.
View home page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Abundance
General Resources- US Geological Survey - Bauxite and Alumina - Statistics and Information
- A comprehensive and extensive set data collection relating to US usage of Aluminium and Bauxite.
- Wikipedia Encyclopedia - Bauxite
- A neat summary of information relating to the production and distribution of Bauxite reserves.
- Mineral Information Institute - Aluminium and Bauxite
- An indepth piece of information convering most aspects of Aluminium, includes some images.
- Aluminium - Periodic Table of Elements
- A fact file style page providing statistics and precise data about abundances of Aluminium in the crust, air and oceans.
- Periodic Table - Aluminium
- Various descriptions of the level of abundance of Aluminium, and detailed abundance tables.
- World-Aluminium Organisation
- Useful information regarding the distribution of reserves of Bauxite across the globe.
- Aluminium (Al) - Chemical Properties
- Complete factfile of element of Aluminium.
Sources of Facts
- 82000 atoms in every million in the Earth's Crust are Aluminium (by weight) / 8% are Aluminium / 1 in 12 are Aluminium
- Sources: Web Elements, and Periodic Table of Data.
- In Oceans just 0.01 ppm
- Sources: Web Elements, and Periodic Table of Data.
- Impurities such as Silicon Dioxide and Iron Oxide are common in Bauxite
- Sources: World Aluminium Organisation, Web Elements, and MSN Encarata.
- 85% of Bauxite used to make Aluminium / 15% to other processes
- Sources: Mineral Information Institute.
- 25 billion metric tonnes of Bauxite left in reserves / Estimate up to 200 years of reserves remaining.
- Source: International Institute for Environment and Development.
- Amount of Bauxite per Person
- Source: Self calculation based on data in above source.
- Data on savings in recycling Aluminium
- Sources: World Aluminium Organisation, Waste Watch, European Aluminium Association and Visy Recycling.
View the Abundance page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Uses
General Resources- World Aluminium Organisation
- In depth application information, and many statistics.
- European Aluminium Association
- An article describing "what makes aluminium so special" with specific focus on uses.
- Tomago Aluminium
- A brief list of uses of aluminium grouped into accessibile catergories
Sources of Facts
- Aluminium is completely impermeable
- Sources: European Aluminium Association, and World Aluminium Organisation.
- Data on aluminium in aeroplanes
- Source: World Aluminium Organisation.
- Aluminium has 63% of the electrical conductivity of copper
- Sources: MSN Encarta, Visual Elements and Wikipedia.
- 1 Kg of aluminium conducts twice the electricity that 1 kg of copper does.
- Source: World Aluminium Organisation.
- Since 1945 aluminium has been used in long distances high power electrical transmission
- Source: World Aluminium Organisation.
- Aluminium is most ductile than copper
- Source:Aluminium Report.
- Facts about aluminium cladding insulation
- Source: World Aluminium Organisation.
View the Uses page, or return to top of the bibliography
- History
General Resources- Discovery of Aluminium - Birth and Initial Growth
- An indepth written piece on the discovery of aluminium and the subsequent stages that led to its mass production.
- Tomago Aluminium - History
- A history of aluminium created by an Austrailian aluminium production firm.
- Aluminium History
- A detailed history of aluminium.
- World Aluminium Organisation
- History of aluminium time line with detail.
- European Aluminium Association
- Changing attitiudes towards aluminium are covered on this timeline, as well as other facts.
Sources of Facts
- Aluminium was used in 5300 BC by Persians / in 2000 BC by Egyptians and Babylonians
- Source: Tomago Aluminium.
- Other general dates of stages in aluminium's discovery
- Sources: Discovery of Aluminium - Birth and Initial Growth, Tomago Aluminium - History, Aluminium History, World Aluminium Organisation and European Aluminium Association.
- Annual Output: 1946 - 681 thousand tonnes, 1999 - 24 million tonnes, and 7 million recycled.
- Source: World Aluminium Organisation
- More aluminium is produced that all other non-ferrous metals put together
- Source: World Aluminium Organisation
View the history page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Weaknesses
General Resources- Lenntech - Aluminium
- A brief fact file on the element, and detailed effects of the metal on health.
- Alzheimer's Society
- A fact sheet stating possible links between aluminium and Alzheimer's.
Sources of Facts
- Aluminium could be linked with Alzheimer's Disease
- Sources: Alzheimer's Society, Lenntech - Aluminium
- Originally linked in 1965 after tests on rabbits
- Source: Alzheimer's Society.
- Possible kidney and lung problems
- Source: Lenntech - Aluminium
View the weaknesses page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Structure
General Resources- Advancing Physics AS Students Book
- Base text book for the OCR (B) Advancing Physics specification.
- Engineer's Edge
- Useful pieces on malleability and ductility.
Sources of Facts
- Facts on moving dislocations.
- Source: Advancing Physics AS Students Book
- Malleability is to do with compressive force, and ductility with tensile force.
- Source: Engineer's Edge.
- Cracks don't propagate in metals due to moving dislocations
- Source: Advancing Physics AS Students Book
View the Structure page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Extraction
General Resources- Virtual Chembook
- A page on aluminium smelting, detailing the steps from bauxite to pure aluminium.
- World Aluminium Organisation
- A page devoted to aluminium production, with diagrams.
Sources of Facts
- Aluminium is extracted in compounds containing silicon and oxygen
- Sources: Virtual Chembook, and Web Elements.
- Details of Bayer Process
- Sources: Virtual Chembook, Web Elements, and World-Aluminium Organisation.
- Details on Hall Heroult Process
- Source: Virtual Chembook.
- The processes require lots of energy
- Source: Virtual Chembook.
View the Extraction page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Alloys
General Resources- Tomago Aluminium
- Details of the effect of adding different elements to aluminium.
- World Aluminium Organisation
- Coding of alloys, and vague properties.
Sources of Facts
- Copper increases the strength and hardness and makes the alloy heat-treatable
- Source: Tomago Aluminium
- Magnesium increases tensile strength, resistance to marine corrosion, weld ability
- Source: Tomago Aluminium
- Aluminium alloy code information
- Source: World-Aluminium Organisation
- The effect of Manganese / Silicon / Zinc on aluminium
- Source: Tomago Aluminium.
View the Alloys page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Conductivity
General Resources- How different metals conduct
- An answer to why some metals conduct better than others.
- How do metals and alloys conduct?
- A detailed answer about differences in conduction rates.
- University of Chicago
- Vague explanation of why metals conduct.
- Advancing Physics AS Students Book
- Base text book for the OCR (B) Advancing Physics specification.
Sources of Facts
- General information relating to the conduction of metals and non-metals
- Sources: Advancing Physics AS Students Book, How different metals conduct, University of Chicago, and How do metals and alloys conduct?.
- Figure for resistivity of aluminium
- Source: Web Elements.
View the Conductivity page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Corrosion
General Resources- World Aluminium Organisation
- Details on applications of aluminium with mentions of corrosion resistance.
- Key to Metals: Corrosion of Aluminium
- A knowledge article from Key-to-metals.com about corrosion of aluminium and its alloys.
Sources of Facts
- Protective film is 1 nm thick
- Source: Key to Metals
- Information on effect on uses
- Source: World Aluminium Organisation
View the Corrosion page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Properties
General Resources- Aluminium - Periodic Table of Data
- Fact file on aluminium's properties
- Web Elements Periodic Table - Aluminium
- Key data on aluminium, including figures for melting and boiling points.
- World Aluminium Organisation
- A page specifically on aluminium's properties, including physical property data.
Sources of Facts
- Aluminium falls into group three on the periodic table, with 13 protons and 14 neutrons, giving it a mass of 27
- Sources: Aluminium - Periodic Table of Data, Web Elements, and World Aluminium Organisation.
- Youngs Modulus 70 GPa (alloys) / Iron's is 211 GPa
- Source: Web Elements.
- Aluminium is the 6th most ductile metal
- Source: Visual Elements.
- 2nd most malleable metal
- Source: Science Park and Mineral Galleries.
- Aluminium has a hardness of 420 MPa
- Source: AS Advancing Physics CD-ROM.
- Aluminium's density is 2700 kg / cubic metre
- Source: Web Elements
- Aluminium has Melting Point: 660.32 °C and Boiling Point: 2519 °C
- Source: Web Elements, and Visual Elements.
- Data on resistivity and reflectivity
- Source: Web Elements, Aluminium Workbook.
View the Properties page, or return to top of the bibliography
- Questions
No new data is used on this page. It is merely a collation of data used and collected throughout the site. For the source of a specific piece of data used during the answers to the questions see the bibliography for the page that is most relevant to the piece of information.View the Questions page, or return to top of the bibliography
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